Content Negotiation

Content Negotiation is performed by an application:

• To match the requested representation as specified by the client via the Accept header with a representation the application can deliver.
• To determine the Content-Type of incoming data and deserialize it so the application can utilize it.

Essentially, content negotiation is the client telling the server what it is sending and what it wants in return, and the server determining if it can do what the client requests.

Accept Negotiation

The first aspect of content negotiation is handling the Accept header. The Accept header has one of the most complex definitions in the HTTP specification (you can read about in in section 14.1). Via this header, a client can indicate a prioritized list of different media types that it will accept as responses from the server. Ideally, if the server can provide multiple media types as specified, it should return the one with highest priority.

In practice, particularly with APIs, you will send a specific media type for the representation you can handle in your client. As an example:

GET /foo HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/json

The above indicates that the client wants JSON for a response. It is now the server's responsibility to determine if it can return that representation.

If the server can not return JSON, it needs to tell the client that fact. This is done via the 406 Not Acceptable status code:

HTTP/1.1 406 Not Acceptable

Ideally, the server will also indicate what media types it can return; however it is not obligated to do so.

Because the server cannot return a representation for the requested media type, it can choose whatever media type it wants for the response in order to communicate errors.

If the server can return the requested media type, it should report the media type via the response Content-Type header. One thing to note: due to how Accept matching is done, the server can return a media type more generic than the requested one! For instance, if the request indicates application/vnd.foo+json, the server can respond with application/hal+json or even application/json.

One important point of interest: the same URI can potentially respond with multiple media types. This means that you could potentially make one request that specifies text/html, another with application/json, and get different representations of the same resource! This is an important aspect of content negotiation; one of the purposes is to allow many clients to the same resource, speaking in different protocols.

Content-Type Negotiation

The second aspect of content negotiation is identifying the incoming Content-Type header, and determining if the server can deserialize that data.

As an example, the client might send the following:

POST /foo HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/json
Content-Type: application/json

{
    "foo": "bar"
}

The server would introspect the Content-Type header and determine that JSON was submitted. Now it has to decide if it can deserialize that content. If it cannot, the server will respond with a 415 Unsupported Media Type status code:

HTTP/1.1 415 Unsupported Media Type

If the data submitted is not actually of the Content-Type specified, meaning it cannot be deserialized properly, the server will typically respond with a generic 400 Bad Request status.

Otherwise, the server will process the request normally.

Summary

Content Negotiation is used to describe the communication by a client to a server in order to specify what kind of content is being sent to the server, and what content representation it expects back in return.

Although the concept can be described in a sentence, the mechanics are quite difficult. Accept header matching is complex and needs to follow many sets of rules in order to follow the HTTP specification. Similarly, the server needs to be programmed such that it returns appropriate response status codes when unable to provide particular representations, or unable to deserialize incoming data. These are not trivial concerns.

Apigility handles each of these tasks. Additionally, it does them quite early in the request cycle, so that if the application cannot handle the request, a response is returned as early as possible; this allows your server to save important processing cycles for the requests that really matter -- those it can handle!

Content negotiation is configuration driven and handled by the zf-content-negotiation module. Each controller service can indicate what Accept media types it can handle, what Content-Type media types it can deserialize, and specify a map of Accept media types to the view models, and hence view renderers, that will handle creating a representation. You can read more about these subjects in the content negotiation chapter.